Introduction

         

Theodor Escherich

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a well-known and typical bacterium isolated in 1885 by a Bavarian physician named Theodor Escherich (Martinson & Walk, 2020).  It is frequently discovered in the human gastrointestinal tract as a benign resident. However, some strains are pathogenic and can result in various ailments, from minor, self-limiting gastroenteritis to serious extraintestinal disorders (Liu, 2014). The transmission pathways of E. coli, the host's immune response, the bacterium's immune system evasion, and its wider medical significance will all be covered in this article.