Figures

 Figure 1

Characteristics Of E. Coli Bacteria

Note: The microscopic view of Gram-negative E. coli illustrates the structure of the three-layered cell membrane and other characteristics. Adapted from Jacobsen et al. (2008), Complicated Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, journal article.

Figure 2

Pathogenic E. coli Transmission Through Wastewater

Note: The above figure shows the transmission of E. coli antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) through wastewater in clinical, environmental, and agricultural contexts. The black and red arrows depicted inter-relations between the contexts and water resources (Yu et al., 2022).

 

Figure 3

Pathogenic E. Coli Strains and Host Epithelial Cells Interactions

 

Note: The figure represents the diarrhoeagenic E. coli subtypes and illustrates their unique interactions with epithelial cells. Biofilm forming, adherence factors, toxin release, and intracellular invasion are highlighted in this figure (Kaper et al., 2004).